Risks
- Coronary artery disease
- Hypertension
- Type II diabetes
- Feelings of insecurity, decreased self-esteem and body image
Treatments
- Dietary
- Low calorie diets
- Adaptive decrease in energy expenditure
- Reduced resting metabolic rate
- reduced body mass
- not seen when BW is expressed as kcal/kg
- Decreased muscle mass
- Reduced norepinephrine induced thermogenesis
- Decrease in fat cell lipolysis
- Decrease glycogen stores
- water weight loss
- Yo-Yo phenomenon
- Dietary fat reduction
- Food less palatable
- Protein and carbohydrates convert to body fat less readily
- Blood sugar instability (increased glycemic index)
- Low carbohydrate diets
- More promising than once thought
- Blood lipids
- Adherence
- Body converts lean muscle mass and/or dietary protein to glucose via gluconeogenesis
- Possible initial low energy
- More pronounced decrease glycogen stores
- water weight loss
- More promising than once thought
- Low calorie diets
- Pharmacology
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Amphetamines
- Ephedrine, caffeine, aspirin
- Surgical methods
- Exercise
- Energy cost of activities
- Post exercise resting energy expenditure
- Possible long term increase of resting energy expenditure
- Initial rise in adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis
- Rise of diet-induced thermogenesis
- energy cost of digestion, absorption, transformation of storage
- inconsistent findings
- Possible increase of muscle mass
- metabolically active
- contributes to body aesthetics
- Increase functional strength
- Increase health
- decreases insulin resistance
- Assists in maintenance of weight loss
Exercise Problems for the Obese
- Balance anxiety
- Muscular weakness
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Low back pain
- Movement restriction
- Orthopedic problems
- Ionic disbalance
- Poor circulation (Diabetics)
- Much perspiration
- Flush skin
- Hypenea & Dyspnea
- Tachycardia
- Arterial hypertension
- Body heat build up
- Ketonuria
- Chafing
- Muscle cramps
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Heavy strain on joints
Factors to Consider
- Duration of obesity
- Maturation
- Motivation
- Mental State
- Exercise History
- Eating Patterns
- Socialization
Program Support
- Medical evaluation
- Exercise instruction and consultation
- Nutritional counseling
- Behavioral counseling
Behavior Modification
- Positive reinforcement
- Self-regulation
- Specify their goal
- Establish commitment to change
- Manage their physical and social environments
- Execute the components of self-regulation
- self-monitor
- behavior oriented
- training journal
- diet record
- results oriented
- anthropometrics
- medical tests
- behavior oriented
- self-evaluate
- self-consequate
- self-monitor
- Generalize changes to lifestyle
References
Astrup A and Tourbro S (1993)
Barrows K and Snook J (1987)
Brehm BJ et al (2003)
Daly PA and Landsberg L (1991)
Daly PA et al (1993)
Foster GD et al (2003)
Kirschenbaum DS (1986)
Lawton CL et al (1993)
Tremblay A, Després JP, Bouchard (1985)
Samaha FF et al (2003)